▲Aristophanes
Aristophanes was a comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually
complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide
the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and are used
to define it. Also known as the Father
of Comedy and the Prince of
Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of
ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule
were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries; Plato
singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that contributed to the trial and subsequent
condemning to death of Socrates although other satirical playwrights had also
caricatured the philosopher.
▲Lysistrata
Lysistrata is a comedy by Aristophanes. Originally performed in classical Athens in 411 BC, it is a comic account of one
woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece to
withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a
means of forcing the men to negotiate peace—a strategy, however, that inflames
the battle between the sexes. The play is notable for being an early exposé of
sexual relations in a male-dominated society.Additionally, its dramatic
structure represents a shift from the conventions of Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career. It was
produced in the same year as the Thesmophoriazusae, another play with a focus on
gender-based issues, just two years after Athens' catastrophic defeat in the Sicilian Expedition.
▲INRI
The words were “Iesvs Nazarenvs Rex Ivdaeorvm.” Latin uses “I” instead of the English “J”, and “V” instead of “U”. The English translation is "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews."
The Early Church adopted the first letters of each word of this inscription “INRI” as a symbol. Throughout the centuries INRI has appeared in many paintings of the crucifixion.
▲Poetics
(Aristotle)
Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory. This has been the traditional view for
centuries. However, recent work is now challenging whether Aristotle focuses on
literary theory per se (given that not one poem exists in the treatise) or
whether he focuses instead on dramatic musical theory that only has language as
one of the elements. In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls
"poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making"
and in this context includes drama – comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play – as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry). They are similar in the fact that they are all
imitations but different in the three
ways that Aristotle describes:
1.
Differences in music rhythm,
harmony, meter and melody.
2.
Difference of goodness in the
characters.
3.
Difference in how the narrative is
presented: telling a story or acting it out.
▲Hamarita
The term hamartia derives
from the Greek ἁμαρτία, from ἁμαρτάνειν hamartánein, which means
"to miss the mark" or "to err". It is most often associated
with Greek tragedy, although it is also used in Christian theology. Hamartia as it pertains to dramatic
literature was first used by Aristotle in his Poetics. In tragedy, hamartia is
commonly understood to refer to the protagonist’s error or flaw that leads to a
chain of plot actions culminating in a reversal from their good fortune to bad.
What qualifies as the error or flaw can include an error resulting from ignorance,
an error of judgement, a flaw in character, or sin. The spectrum of meanings
has invited debate among critics and scholars, and different interpretations
among dramatists.
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